Posted on by Michael Loh

What was it about conditions in the early 1960s that led to the emergence of Walmart, Kmart, and Target all in the same year?

Answered by Archie D’Cruz on Sept 5th, 2018

Herb Gibson is probably not a name you have heard of.

He had nothing to do with Walmart or Kmart or Target. What this serial business owner did have was an idea:

“Buy it low, stack it high, sell it cheap.”

Sounds familiar? It might be a statement you’d associate with Walmart’s Sam Walton or Kmart’s S.S. Kresge, but Gibson is the man who voiced the concept in 1958—four years before the launch of the Big Three.

It seems a rather obvious philosophy for retail success, but the reason Gibson could not have executed before then was simple: Texas, where he operated 34 distribution warehouses, forbade selling merchandise to individual customers at wholesale prices.

As soon as Texas relaxed that law, he began converting his warehouses into large discount retail establishments. He did so well that the new Gibson’s Discount Centers were soon offering franchises, and by the following year had expanded beyond the state.

One of the towns Gibson’s Discount Center opened was in Fayetteville, Arkansas, where a certain Sam Walton had recently launched his first independent variety store. (He also owned 15 Ben Franklin five-and-dime franchises in other cities, the equivalent of today’s dollar stores).

Walton, in his autobiography Made In America

, recalls that wake-up moment:

“(Gibson)…branched out to the square in Fayetteville and started competing with our variety stores. We knew we had to act. He was the only one discounting out this way, and because I had made all those trips back East, I was probably one of the few out here who understood what he was up to. By then, I knew the discount idea was the future.

While that was the immediate trigger, there was a broader reason for large discount stores like Walmart and Kmart emerging around the same time.

Dig into the early history of these stores, you will discover that they grew out of the suburbs and Middle America, rather than in the large cities on the East or West Coasts. Why? That had to do with the fallout of the Second World War.

Up until then, the big cities were the magnet for people as it was where the jobs were. When the war ended, the U.S. government suddenly had a problem. Some 15 million G.I.s were headed back from Europe, Asia and the Pacific, and they needed somewhere to live.

Finding affordable housing in the cities had become almost impossible, and with these mostly young soldiers getting married and starting families, a crisis was developing.

Times of great adversity often lead to great opportunity, and large construction firms sensed theirs. Rather than build on expensive city lands, they bought acres upon acres of outlying farms and fields, and began mass-producing homes on them.

Aerial view of Levittown in Long Island, New York, showing hundreds of small, identical houses set along curved streets. Completed around 1950 on 4,000 acres of potato fields, it formed the template for scores of suburban towns across America. Image: Mark Mathosian

, via Flickr.

Crucially, too, for the returning soldiers, President Roosevelt had introduced the GI Bill

, which, among other things, gave them loan guarantees and made the low-cost 25-year (rather than five-year) mortgage the national standard. In many cases, veterans were able to move into their new homes for little or no money down.

It was the perfect recipe for a suburban boom, and by 1960, the percentage of people living in the suburbs had almost caught up to those living in the central cities.

The explosive growth outside of the cities brought with it opportunities for those willing to think big.

Enter Eugene Ferkauf, who despite his unfortunate-sounding last name, was a rather enterprising New Yorker.

He had started by selling appliances at large discounts from his upstairs loft in 1948. Discounters operated on the fringe of retail at the time, but with the rise of the suburbs, Ferkauf decided to gamble. In 1954, he opened a full-line department store, E.J. Korvette, selling everything from clothes to furniture at well below list prices in the heavily populated New York suburb of Westbury, Long Island.

It was massively successful, and over the next few years, numerous other retailers aped his model, launching 70,000–200,000 square foot discount stores in the suburbs of virtually every major city.

Among them were newcomers to the business like Fed-Mart, Bargain City, Spartan and Unimart, but also several large, respected retailers which launched discount subsidiaries including F.W. Woolworth, L.S. Ayres, and—as the Sixties rolled in—S.S. Kresge (then an 800-store variety chain) and Dayton Co.

You might better recognize those last two by their discount store names, Kmart and Target.

But let’s get back to Sam Walton.

The rise of discount stores wasn’t lost on him. Indeed, as he notes in his autobiography, he “stole as many ideas from Sol Price (of Fed-Mart) as from anybody else in the business.”

In 1960, as the owner of 15 Ben Franklins, he was already the largest independent variety store operator in the U.S.

And yet, he was deeply dissatisfied. Total combined revenues from all 15 stores was a mere $1.4 million—a pittance compared to the $2 million plus that he learnt a single large store could bring in.

But it was only when Herb Gibson opened his discount center in his backyard in 1959 that Walton knew he had to act.

He had already refined the art of discount retailing with his Ben Franklin franchises. Within three years, he used those lessons to launch the first Walmart in Rogers, near Fayetteville.

Crowds outside Walmart’s first store ahead of its grand opening in 1962. The launch ad, inset, notes “Plenty of Parking”—a definite plus with suburban and rural residents.

What then was so special about 1962 that Walmart, Kmart and Target (and Kohl’s for that matter) all launched in the same year?

Nothing more than a coincidence, for they were just a few among many that rushed to take advantage of the explosive suburban growth that began in the Fifties.

The discount retail store was, quite simply, an idea whose time had come.

References and further reading:

Sam Walton: Made In America, by Sam Walton and John Huey

Mall Hall of Fame: Herbert Richard GibsonThe Revolutionists of Retailing (Fortune Classics, 1962)The growth of suburbiaDiscount birthday: Walmart, Kmart, Target hit 50

If you enjoyed this article, please visit the original link https://qr.ae/TJUFcz and give an upvote!
Posted on by Michael Loh

What was the Vietcong tunnel system like? How did they build them?

Answered by Khanh Luu on July 19th, 2016

Thanks for A2A, Jon Davis.

I had to do a serious research due to my limited knowledge about this topic. The more I read, the more I am amazed by what the previous Vietnamese generations did during the war. In this answer, I would only analyze the Cu Chi tunnel system – the most famous tunnels in Vietnam War.

So if you think of Cu Chi tunnel as comfortable rooms where you can do whatever you want underground, you are wrong. We didn’t have that kind of luxury. Remember you are fighting Americans, the most powerful army in the world, with all kinds of aircrafts and technologies actively searching for you day and night. Imagine if you got caught, not only you are dead but also a part of the tunnel is found, which might cause greater dangers to other people in the whole tunnel system. To put it bluntly, you have to make use of the terrain, work super hard, be extremely resilient, and outsmart your enemy to survive. So what is the tunnel system like and how did they build it?

(No, that’s not how Cu Chi tunnel’s like. This is like a 5-star hotel already.)

(That’s how an entrance looks like.)

The Cu Chi tunnel system was originally built in late 1948 or early 1949 during Indochina War with the aim of maintaining communications between villages and evading French’s sweeps in the area. The Cu Chi tunnels gained its strategically important role in the wars because of its location which is only 40–50 km from the center of Saigon, the most important city in South Vietnam. In the beginning, almost every family had their own secret bunker to hide the Viet Minh soldiers. However, once a separate bunker is detected by the enemy, the soldier could be easily captured or killed as he had only one way out. Hence, there came the need of connecting these bunkers together so that the Vietnamese soldiers can have more chances to escape.

During the Vietnam War, the system was continuously expanded and upgraded to a 250 km system with three levels of tunnels: 6m, 8m, and 10m deep underground. During the day, the peasants farmed on the field but when the sun sets, they started excavating tunnels. In the beginning, for security reason, each village dug their own separate tunnels and nobody knew where the tunnels of other village were. Some of the tunnels are even under the river. The design of the tunnels is zigzag, which served as the link between villages and made it hard for the enemy to explore/travel inside the system. Dust and soil was spread out carefully by being dumped in bomb craters or the river.

Thanks to the tunnels, the Viet Cong guerrillas would ambush American soldiers in the jungles and then disappear without a trace. However, these secret tunnels were not only fortifications for them, but were also the center of their community life. Hidden beneath the destroyed villages, inside these tunnels were underground kitchens and Hoang Cam stoves

, water wells, rest areas (dorms), HQ centers, medical areas/hospitals, food and weapon supply storage, schools, and public spaces where couples could get married. In some parts of the network, there were even theaters where performers entertained people with songs, dance and traditional stories. The most vital part for any tunnels, the ventilation holes, were hidden at the foot of trees, thick grass or termite nests. In order to keep the tunnels from collapsing, the VCs used woods from the jungles and iron stolen from the U.S. Army bases to reinforce the tunnels.

Prior to the involvement of US troops, the South Vietnamese troops were proven to be ‘useless’ in the Cu Chi area by numerous VietCong’s victories. There was a time the VCs boldly held a victory parade right in the middle of Cu Chi town. This is one of the reasons Westmoreland needed US troops in Vietnam. However, in the beginning, little did the Americans know that they built their base right on top of an existing network. It took them couples of months to understand why many of their ammunitions, weapons, and food got stolen and they often got shot at night.

But that’s not the best part about the Cu Chi tunnel system. If so, the Americans would have found and destroyed it quickly. Once figuring out there were troops right under their nose, the American and Australian troops, of course, tried a wide range of methods to destroy the whole system and the enemies. The most popular ones include using poisonous chemical gases, “tunnel rats”, and German shepherd dogs.

First, aside with Napalms dropped on the ground, poisonous chemical gases were also pumped into the tunnels. However, the VCs used trap doors with water locks and air locks to stay safe and sound in the tunnels.

Second, the “tunnel rats” were the US soldiers sent down into the tunnels. Of course, they were well-trained and brave, some were Specorces, which VietCong fighters wanted to avoid the most. In order to do so, the tunnel was designed small enough for only Vietnamese people, but very narrow for Americans. The entrance holes in the ground are barely wide enough for Americans, following by a lot of U turns that lead to the surface, then twist again before heading off horizontally further. The tunnels were also very dark and there was no room to return around and retreat. Besides, booby traps were used as many as possible, not only inside the tunnels but also on the ground. Not to mention the intense heat with the lack of air underground (especially when the tunnels are too narrow for their movements) made their job more difficult. In the end, they suffered quite high casualty rates.

Third, the German dogs were undoubtedly dangerous because they could detect both humans and the tunnels. However, the VCs made use of stolen American soap so that the shepherd dogs would identify them as friendly. Captured, stolen US uniforms, belongings were put out to confuse the dogs as well. Most importantly, the dogs were only able to spot humans, not booby traps. Leaving the scent in booby traps could disable the dogs easily so that their handlers would be too horrified to continue the search and stop using the dogs.

Below are some boobytraps used in Cu Chi area, which caused tremendous casualties to the US troops.

Given all that information, you might have had an idea how difficult the life was in the tunnels. More precisely, it was extremely difficult. Air, food and water were scarce and the tunnels were infested with ants, poisonous centipedes, scorpions, spiders and vermin. Like Americans, Viet Cong guerrilla fighters were not super humans so they were scared of these poisonous insects and bugs, too. They were also under the constant threats of American both underground and on the ground. Along with continuous “search and destroy” operations, random artillery was fired into the area at night, and US pilots were told to drop all the unused bombs and napalms there before returning to base. According to some statistics, half a million tons of bombs were dropped on Cu Chi area during the war. I heard that there were times the guerrillas had to stay in the tunnels for weeks or months, laying down on the floor just to get enough air to breath, and many even lost their consciousness or suffocated. Worse, many had to eat stale rice, grass or drink urine to survive. Though only 6,000 out of 16,000 Viet Cong guerrillas serving in Cu Chi survived the war, they didn’t surrender and fought bravely until the end of the war. After 1975, the villages of Cu Chi have been presented with numerous honorific awards by the Vietnamese government, and many of them have been declared ‘heroic villages’.

In early 1970s, the US used B52s to carpet bomb the whole area and destroyed most of the tunnel system. But that was the time when the US troops were about to withdraw from Vietnam, it’s safe to say the tunnels had served their purpose. Today, a part of the existing tunnels was preserved and enlarged for the tourism purpose.

I also found a great documentary with more details and visualization about the Cu Chi tunnels. It was produced by Mickey Grant

and the interviewees are former Viet Cong fighters, so its quality and accuracy can be trusted.

I hope this long post has answered your question.

Image sources: various from the Internet.

If you enjoyed this article, please visit the original link https://qr.ae/TJUiQg and give an upvote!
Posted on by Michael Loh

What is the most useless fact you know?

Answered by Habib Fanny on April 16th 2018

What’s wrong with this?

No, I’m not talking about Trump being president.

Let’s zoom out a bit.

No, I’m not talking about Mitch McConnell’s face. Let’s try another year.

See it? Not yet?

Okay, let’s keep going then.

Why are so many people wearing overcoats?

Because it’s cold. Why?

Because it’s January and people are outdoors.

Why?

Because it’s the tradition to hold the inauguration ceremony on the steps of the Capitol.

Why?

Because of the War of 1812.

During this war, American troops plundered and set fire to the buildings of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada in York (Modern-day Toronto).

In retaliation, in 1814, after defeating the US troops in the disastrous Battle of Bladensburg, the Brits set fire to Washington D.C.

The Presidential Mansion (it wasn’t known as the White House yet) was burned, and so was the Capitol.

When James Monroe was inaugurated in 1817, there weren’t any buildings left in D.C. that could host the inauguration. So, the decision was made to hold it on the steps of the Capitol.

And that became a tradition. Of course, it wasn’t nearly as cold then, because presidents used to be inaugurated in March. In 1937, people started holding the inauguration on January 20th, but they kept it outdoors, because… tradition.

And that, kids, is why you shouldn’t invade Canada and burn their buildings. It will lead to a cascade of events that will culminate in the absurd scenario where you have to freeze your ass off every 4 years when your president is being sworn in.

If you enjoyed this article, please visit the original link https://qr.ae/TDx7vC and give an upvote!
Posted on by Michael Loh

What are some obscure fads from centuries ago?

Answered by Hazel Lockey on Sept 16th 2019

September 15, 1896, Texas – two trains crash at high speed. Bits of shrapnel are sent hurtling through the air. Two people are killed.

The catch?

It was all staged.

From 1896 to the 1930s, staged train-wrecks were in fashion.

The particular event which paved the way for the bizarre trend was called the ‘Crash in Crush’. William George Crush, the organiser, set up a temporary town. A railway track was constructed. Forty thousand people turned up to the event. The trains were set up and then began their collision course.

The organisers didn’t realise, however, that the boilers in the locomotives probably wouldn’t make it. Of course, the trains exploded on their collision and train wreckage went flying. Two spectators were killed by the shrapnel. A witness described the event:

‘There was a swift instance of silence, and then, as if controlled by a single impulse, both boilers exploded simultaneously and the air was filled with flying missiles of iron and steel varying in size from a postage stamp to half a driving wheel.’

But this didn’t seem to bother a lot of people – immediately after the crash, the spectators flocked to the destroyed trains to observe the damage that had been done.

Yes – this set off even more staged train-wrecks. The California State Fair held an event like this in 1913:

‘Fairgoers likely held their breath as two smoke-belching locomotives barrelled toward each other at 25 mph and … kaboom! Onlookers were then allowed to walk up and inspect the considerable damage.’

Joe Connelly was responsible for many of these events. Sometimes he would add dynamite to the railway tracks, with the railway cars soaked in gasoline, to make it even more impressive.

It seems like such a strange trend, with nearly a hundred of these deliberate train crashes taking place – but nevertheless, proved to be highly popular.

Sources:

Train Crashes Staged as Entertainment

For 40 Years, Crashing Trains Was One of America’s Favorite Pastimes

The violent history of train-wreck publicity

If you enjoyed this article, please visit the original link https://qr.ae/TJUQqm and give an upvote!
Posted on by Michael Loh

What are the differences between women and men?

Answered by Julia Kvach on Sept 6th 2018

The date is April 12th, 1961.

In the middle of the desert, at the back of a dusty bus, a man sits alone.

In a few hours, this man will make history. Humanity is about to be launched into the galaxy as this man kickstarts a space race that will transform our vision of ourselves.

His name, of course, is Yuri Gagarin.

And in a few hours, Yuri will become the first man to orbit the Earth and live to tell the tale.

But right now, at the back of his scruffy bus, Gagarin has a more pressing concern. Literally. Because just like any other human before a stressful moment, be it a test, a presentation, a battle or a race… Gagarin really, REALLY needs to pee.

Unable to take it any longer, he orders the bus driver to stop the bus. He then walks to the right rear wheel, zips down his spacesuit… and proceeds to relieve himself on the tire.

Moments later, he jumps back onto the bus, and drives off to fulfill his destiny.

But Gagarin wasn’t the only thing to become immortal that day. Because of his success, everything he did pre-launch was mimicked and copied by the cosmonauts who came after him, and became good luck rituals set in stone.

These include, but are not limited to, having a huge breakfast, planting a sapling, signing Gagarin’s guestbook and watching the Soviet movie “White Sun of the Desert” on the day before launch.

And, of course, my personal favorite: peeing on the right rear wheel of the bus.

“You’d think with the billions of dollars they put in the Space Program, they’d have invested in proper toilets by now.”

“Shut up Carl.”

Barely two years later, however, on the 16th of June 1963, this ritual created a crisis. On that date, the USSR had decided to set a new first: the first woman in space.

This time, sitting at the back of the dusty bus, was USSR legend (and my personal hero) Valentina Tereshkova (also see Julia Kvach’s answer to Have you ever met a famous person?).

Having gone through incredibly tough training and topped a crop of female candidates, Tereshkova had demonstrated over and over that she was by far the most qualified candidate. Nevertheless, worries ran high. This was the first time Roscosmos was doing this with a woman… and everyone had one major concern: what about the ritual of peeing on the bus?

Perhaps, many thought, it would be easier just to skip it. Maybe they could pretend it didn’t exist and just keep driving to the base. After all, how was a woman supposed to zip down her suit and urinate on the tire?

But Tereshkova would never have accepted that. When the bus was halfway to the base, she ordered the driver to stop. Stepping out, she strode to the right rear wheel, squatted down, and peed.

Then, without a word, she zipped back up, returned to the bus, and sat down.

“Poyekhali!” she barked, “Let’s go!”

Ever since Tereshkova, every single female cosmonaut has urinated on the right rear tire before a launch. Some have done it with little vials of pee prepared beforehand. Some have done it old school.

But all have carried out the ritual.

So you tell me – what is the main difference between men and women?

After all, not only did we also go to space – we peed on the freakin’ bus wheel too.

Poka poka,

Julia

If you enjoyed this article, please visit the original link https://qr.ae/TJUPWg and give an upvote!

Posted on by Michael Loh

What city is in dire straits?

Answered by Sean Kernan on Jan 12th 2020

Mexico City is sinking several feet every year and it doesn’t appear to be getting better.

It’s caused by two things:

One: poor design and sourcing of water.

(Source: Mexico City, Parched and Sinking, Faces a Water Crisis. Kimmelman, Michael)

They continue drilling beneath the city for more water, doing this, they are depleting the water beneath the clay that the Aztecs originally built the city on, which causes the ground to drift further downwards.

They haven’t taken enough action to source water from a more long-term source. Until then, it will only continue their predicament and put them at risk of flooding.

Two: climate change. With increased fluctuations in weather and dry seasons, it is causing them to be more aggressive in pursuing water sources.

Mexico City also has a volcano next to it that is likely to erupt.

But who cares. A volcano never caused a problem for any cities.

(People who chose not to flee when mount Vesuvius went off by Pompeii met a 100km/hr blast of ashes)

But seriously.

Don’t fuck with volcanoes.

If you enjoyed this article, please visit the original link https://qr.ae/TJUlko and give an upvote!
Posted on by Michael Loh

What past event will most likely never happen again?

Answered by Jarred Dunn on Jan 1st 2020

On February 23, 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt prepared for his first fireside chat since the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Roosevelt used his fireside chats to speak directly to the American people. Families across the country grew accustomed to gathering around their radios to hear the president’s soothing patrician tones.

Photo: President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivers a Fireside Chat, January 11, 1944. (Photo: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library) Radio: FDR’s ‘Natural Gift’

Before his address, the president asked citizens to have maps available, in order to follow along as he outlined the war’s aims.

The president shared his thoughts with his speechwriter, Judge Samuel Rosenman.[1]

I’m going to speak about strange places that many of them never heard of – places that are now the battleground of civilization. I want to explain to the people something about geography – what our problem is and what the overall strategy of the war has to be. I want to tell it to them in simple terms of ABC so that they will understand what is going on and how each battle fits into the picture.

If they understand the problem and what we are driving at, I am sure they can take any kind of bad news right on the chin.[2]

Americans raced to buy maps before the president’s speech. Map stocks were quickly sold out in many areas, and shop owners struggled to fill orders.[3]

As his speech began at 10pm on the 23rd, 61,365,000 people tuned in, many with maps spread out before them. This huge number represented about 78 percent of the adult listening audience.[4]

Roosevelt consistently exhorted those listening to “look at your map,” as he ticked off the issues facing war planners.

There are those who still think, however, in terms of the days of sailing ships. They advise us to pull our warships and our planes and our merchant ships into our own home waters and concentrate solely on last ditch defense. But let me illustrate what would happen if we followed such foolish advice.

Look at your map. Look at the vast area of China, with its millions of fighting men. Look at the vast area of Russia, with its powerful armies and proven military might. Look at the (British Isles) Islands of Britain, Australia, New Zealand, the Dutch Indies, India, the Near East and the Continent of Africa, with their (re)sources of raw materials – their resources of raw materials, and of peoples determined to resist Axis domination. Look too at North America, Central America and South America.[5]

Photo: FDR pointing to a map during his radio address. Radio: FDR’s ‘Natural Gift’

He explained in greater detail the advantages Japan would have in the battles to come. Japanese plans could use Pacific island bases as “stepping stones” to multiple points on the Indo-China, Thailand, and Malaya coasts.[6]

I ask you to look at your maps again, particularly at that portion of the Pacific Ocean lying west of Hawaii. Before this war even started, the Philippine Islands were already surrounded on three sides by Japanese power. On the west, the China side, the Japanese were in possession of the coast of China and the coast of Indo-China which had been yielded to them by the Vichy French.

On the North are the islands of Japan themselves, reaching down almost to northern Luzon. On the east, are the Mandated Islands – which Japan had occupied exclusively, and had fortified in absolute violation of her written word.[7]

With a nod to the concurrent celebration of George Washington’s birthday, Roosevelt closed the address with ringing words from Revolutionary War patriot Thomas Paine.

The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.

Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered, yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the sacrifice, the more glorious the triumph.[8]

On December 23, 2019, a U.S. Army Green Beret was killed in combat operations in Kunduz province, Afghanistan.[9] Sgt 1st class Michael J. Goble was killed by an explosion, while his unit cleaned out a Taliban weapons cache.[10]

Photo: An Army team transfers the remains of U.S. Army Sgt. 1st Class Michael Goble on Christmas at Dover Air Force Base, Del. (Alex Brandon/AP) Special Forces soldier who died in Afghanistan was seizing a Taliban weapons cache, military says

Goble is one of 2,218 service members killed in Afghanistan since the beginning of the war there on October 7, 2001.[11]

When I read about the bravery of Michael Goble, I thought about President Roosevelt’s frequent addresses to the nation, asking them to follow him as he delved into painstaking detail on individual battles, war strategies, and the potential costs of World War II.

The United States has been at war in Afghanistan for over 18 years, across three presidential administrations. None of these presidents has launched a public education program like Roosevelt.

Image: Military Situation In Afghanistan On July 30, 2019 (Map Update)

I tried to imagine 80 percent of the country gathered around the television as our president led us through a detailed account of the overall strategy in the Afghanistan War.

I tried to imagine the president asking all of us to look at our maps as he patiently explained the difficulties of combat around the Hindu Kush mountains, or the ebb and flow of fighting according to the winter closing of the mountain passes.

I tried to imagine the president carefully explaining the history of Afghanistan, or the power of the warlords that needed to be bought, fought, and sidelined in order to find the Taliban fighters hiding among a hostile civilian population.

I tried to imagine the president explaining ongoing combat operations in Afghanistan, doing so on a monthly basis.

And, more importantly, I tried to imagine a scenario where the president does so, and more than 100 million people tune in to hear more about our soldiers fighting and dying on the other side of the globe.

In our fragmented, tribal world, the days of intimate political speeches in front of a vast, united audience are a relic of the past.

Footnotes[1] FDR’s World[2] No Ordinary Time[3] No Ordinary Time[4] FDR and the News Media[5] February 23, 1942: Fireside Chat 20: On the Progress of the War | Miller Center[6] February 23, 1942: Fireside Chat 20: On the Progress of the War | Miller Center[7] February 23, 1942: Fireside Chat 20: On the Progress of the War | Miller Center[8] February 23, 1942: Fireside Chat 20: On the Progress of the War | Miller Center[9] Army identifies Green Beret killed in Afghanistan[10] Special Forces soldier who died in Afghanistan was seizing a Taliban weapons cache, military says

If you enjoyed this article, please visit the original link https://qr.ae/TJUqPc and give an upvote!